Fichte biography briefly

In the "speeches to the German nation" called the German people to revive and unite. The central concept of the “teaching of science” Fichte Cycle of Works “Science” is the activity of an impersonal universal “self -consciousness”, “I”, who believes itself and its opposite - the world of objects “NO -I”. Johann Gottlieb Fichte was born on May 19 in the village of Rammensau Okrug Oberlaus in a peasant family.

In addition to agriculture, his father and grandfather were engaged in artisanal dressing. Fichte was a first -born in a family where seven more children appeared. The mother of the future philosopher was a domestic and decisive woman. Researchers see its features in Fichtev’s authoritarianism, intolerance to other opinions and confidence in their innocence. Johann Gotlib very early showed an amazing ability to absorb and memorization, but Fichte's family was too poor to give his son a happy case.

In Rammensa there was a wonderful pastor, whose sermons attracted not only the inhabitants of the village, but also numerous neighbors from the surrounding places. Little Fichte loved these sermons, and the pastor often dealt with him. Once a rich neighboring landowner, Baron von Miltitz, came to Rammensa to relatives, wanting to listen to the famous pastor, but was late and found only the end of the preaching.

He was advised to call the "Gusynik Fichte", which will repeat the entire preaching by heart. What was the surprise of von Miltic when the eight -year -old Fichte almost literally repeated the sermon, and moreover, not only meaningfully, but also with great enthusiasm. The delighted Baron decided to give the boy an education, arranged him to school and took over the costs of training.

Fichte graduated from a city school in Meissen and in the year was admitted to a closed noble educational institution - Porto. In the year, he entered the theological faculty of Jena University. However, poverty made itself felt. Family von Miltic, who died shortly after Fichte's admission to Porte, helped him until the first years of study at the university.

However, this help was not enough to continue his studies, and Fichte was forced to give private lessons, which took him a lot of time and prevented him from taking exams in time. He moves from Jena to Leipzig, but then, having no means to graduate from the university, leaves his studies and works as a home teacher in different families of Saxony from a year. In September, Fichte gets a home teacher in Zurich, where he is enthusiastically immersed in the study of languages: he translates the whole of Sallust, several Horace and Montesquieu, writes an article about the "Messiah" of Klopsteka.

He gets acquainted with his future wife, Johannaya Ran, the niece of Klopsteok, an engagement occurs. However, the wedding of young people is postponed for several years: circumstances are not very favorable to them. Finally, in October of the year, Fichte marries his bride, in which he acquires a spiritually close and devoted girlfriend until the end of the days.

A small state of his wife now reveals the opportunity for him to do his favorite thing - philosophy - without constant need to take care of the daily bread. In the year, Fichte discovered Kant. It is incredibly difficult, and it certainly needs to be made easier. "Fichte now does not want anything else but, if possible, it is more popular to state the principles of Kantian philosophy and with the help of eloquence to achieve their impact on the human heart.

In June and in August, Fichta makes a pilgrimage to Kant in Koenigsberg. The first visit deceived the expectations of a young man. The master, who continuously accepted visitors from Germany and other countries, could not devote much time to the unknown teacher, and Fichte himself at Kanto's lecture, Canto. However, Fichte continued to study his works; He wrote, remaining in Koenigsberg for another month, his "criticism of all revelation", where he develops Kant's ideas in relation to theology, and sent it to the great philosopher.

Their second date after that was completely different, “Only now I saw in it the features worthy of the great spirit, which are imbued with his works,” Fichte wrote in his diary. Kant not only approved the manuscript, but also helped the young author find the publisher for her, and also arranged for him a more profitable teacher's place with Count Krokov. Fichte becomes widely known in philosophical circles.

Partly of its popularity, Fichte owes a happy chance: the book appeared without indicating the name of the author, and readers attributed its authorship to Kant himself. The latter had to eliminate the misunderstanding and name the name of the young novice philosopher: the latter thereby immediately fell into a number of outstanding scientists and at the end of the year received an invitation to occupy the Department of Philosophy in Jena.

Before that, for two years - Fichte worked a lot and fruitfully on another topic that has long occupied it. This topic is the French revolution, which at that time was the subject of universal interest and discussion in Germany, as, indeed, throughout Europe. The initial enthusiasm caused by the events of the year, subsequently, as terror increased, was replaced by rejection and condemnation.In the years, Fichte writes the article “Assignment of freedom of thought from the sovereigns of Europe that they still oppressed”, and after it a great essay, the name of which speaks for itself - “to correct the judgments of the French revolution.

Part one, to discuss its legitimacy,” both works went anonymously, without the signature of the author, Fichte protects the ideas of the French Revolution, primarily the right to freedom of thought as one of Inalienable human rights, which constitutes the most important condition for the spiritual development of the individual, and outlines a number of problems of the philosophy of law and the state, which later became one of the central subjects of the research of the philosopher.

Both works received a wide resonance in the press; The author’s name did not remain unknown for long, and the revolutionary democratic moods of the young Fichte were perceived in different public circles unambiguously. Thus, when he arrived in Yen in the spring of the year to occupy the department of philosophy proposed to him, his name was well known and attracted a large number of listeners to his lectures.

Public lectures Fichte, dedicated to the topic “The appointment of a scientist”, attended so many people that the large audience of Jena University could not accommodate everyone. This is what he wrote to his wife, who had not yet moved to him in Jen: “Last Friday I gave my first public lecture. The largest audience of Ins was too cramped; the entrance and the yard were full of people; sat and stood on the tables and benches, crowding each other ...

Now I can say with even more confidence that everyone accepted me with open arms, and very many worthy people wish you personally with personally Meet me. I owe partly my fame, which in reality, which I really thought ... ”The young listeners were fascinated by Paphos Fichte, who sharply criticized the old feudal orders in the name of reason and freedom. If he is not always like that, then he still has a slave soul, and before the first more powerful that he will work for him, he will only crawl ...

only who wants to do everything around him, who wants to do everything around him The program of this course was previously prepared and printed under the heading of science, or the so -called philosophy. ” Students, but also among fellow philosophers, didactic gift and oratory Fichte facilitated the perception of a complex construction. In the year, Fichte, along with his friend F. and Nithammer, also a professor of philosophy in Jena, began to publish the "Philosophical Journal of the Society of German Scientists", in which many works of Fichte himself and philosophers close to him were published.

The Jenn period in the work of the philosopher was very productive: he wrote a number of studies, including two large works - “Fundamentals of Natural Law according to the principles of science” and “The system of teaching about morality according to the principles of science” in these works, those ideas, the contours of which were outlined in essays dedicated to the French Revolution.

His fame and influence grew. Outstanding minds became adherents of science, among them - Karl Reingold, the already famous philosopher, and young Frederick Schelling. The romantics of the Yen school created their cultural, historical and aesthetic theories under the direct influence of science. And financially Fichte was now also provided. At first, however, his salary of a super -standard professor did not exceed thalers a year: only 26 students were recorded on his private course.

However, by the end of the first semester, the number of listeners increased to 60, and in the second semester - to together with the fees for his works, the philosopher now received the thalers a year; He sent part of the money to his relatives in Rammensa, and in the year he was even able to buy a house in Jena. However, the boiling activities of the young professor were unexpectedly interrupted.

At the University of Jena, Fichte, due to his uncompromising, had many opponents, especially after he lost the support of Kant. Fichte believed that his teaching was only an explanation of Kant’s philosophy correctly understood by him, but in fact, he went far from it and, above all, Kant noted from its inherent contemplation that Fichte was too far from his basic principles, allegedly developing them.

For example, he refused a “thing in himself”, and behind his mind recognized the ability to intuition rejected by him. In the year, the so -called "atheism dispute" arose, which grew into a public scandal, as a result of which Fichte, accused of atheism, was forced to resign in the spring of the year.The reason was the publication of the year in the “Philosophical Journal” of one of the listeners of Fichte Forberg “On the Development of the Concept of Religion”, with which Fichte, as the editor of the magazine, did not agree in everything, and therefore accompanied it with his article - “On the basis of our faith in the divine peacekeeping”.

Fichte was accused of restricting religion only by the moral sphere.

In reality, this accusation was artificial, since morality as such is ultimately religious - he realized the role of religion in the unification of the forces of national liberation. In the teachings of Fichte, the elements of the pantheism of the unity of God and all things were undoubtedly, and his opponents portrayed this as atheism. All the attempts of friends and high patrons of Fichte, among whom, in particular, was Goethe, to reserve a scandal and preserve the opportunity for him to further work at Jena University: the philosopher chose to resign than his principles.

He did not want to stay after that in Jena and in the summer of the year he moved to Berlin. Here he establishes friendly relations with the romantics by F. Schlegel, L. Tik, F. Friendship brightens his life in separation from his family, which remains in Jen for some time. As before, Fichte continues to write a lot. He completes the previously begun composition “The appointment of a person”, which outlines a new stage of his development - not without the influence of Jacobi, whose benevolent and deep criticism of science leaks gave an impetus to the new search for the resolution of difficulties that were found in the “basis of general science”.

In the same year, the work of the “closed commercial state”, which Fichte considered his best work, was released, and in the year the treatise is “clear, like the Sun, a message to the general public about the true essence of the latest philosophy”. The beginning of the new century was overshadowed by Fichte with his young friend F. Schelling, who had previously considered himself a follower of the science.

The polemic with Schelling prompted Fichte to again turn to the substantiation and clarification of the principles of science, which, however, he came earlier under the influence of Jacobi, and it was no coincidence that it was the year in the work of the philosopher: he largely clarifies both the interpretation of freedom and the starting point of his teaching - the concept of "I".

Berlin youth has repeatedly asked Fichte to conduct a private lecture course, and since the fall of the year, for several years, he gives lectures that, like in Jena, a lot of public flows: among his listeners not only students, but also completely mature people: among them - Minister von Altenstein, court adviser von Beim and even the Austrian ambassador at the Berlin courtyard Prince Mettern.

In the winter - a year of lectures on the topic: “The main features of the modern era” was read, where the concept of the philosophy of history was developed, and in the year - lectures on the philosophy of religion, published under the name “Instructions for Blessed Life, or the Doctrine of Religion”. The dramatic event in Fichte's life, like his other compatriots, was the defeat of the Germans in the war with the French and the occupation of Berlin Napoleon.

In the fall of the year, Fichte left Berlin and moved to Koenigsberg, where he worked until the spring of the year. However, the philosopher's family remained in Berlin, and at the end of summer he was forced to return. In December, Fichte read his famous “speeches to the German nation” in the occupied Berlin, in which he appealed to the national self -awareness of the Germans, encouraging his people to unity and struggle against the invaders.

It was a civic feat of the thinker, demanding great courage. Nervous tension undermined Fichte's strength, and in the spring of the year he fell ill. The disease was long and severe, Fichte could not work for a long time. But, when the University of Berlin again opened in the year, he agreed to accept the position of the dean of the Faculty of Philosophy proposed to him.

Soon he was elected the rector of the university - a position that was not easy to fulfill such a direct, temperamental and deprived of "diplomatic" qualities to the person, as Fichte was. Six months later, he filed a request for a resignation, which was given to him in the spring of the year. The defeat of the Napoleonic troops in Russia finally revealed to the Germans the opportunity to free themselves from the French occupation.

The patriotic rise inspired Fichte. It was in the fall of the year that he took up a new processing of science, wrote the works "On the attitude of logic towards philosophy, or on transcendental logic", "Facts of consciousness", "Introductory lectures in science".