Message on Gorky Biography

Latest news biography Alexei Maksimovich Peshkov, better known as the writer Maxim Gorky, for Russian and Soviet literature the cult figure. He was nominated five times at the Nobel Prize, along with Alexander Sergeyevich Pushkin and Lev Nikolayevich Tolstoy, he is considered one of the main creators of national literary art. Today, Gorky's works are considered a pearl of Russian literature.

Childhood and youth the writer was born on March 16 28 in Nizhny Novgorod. His father Maxim Savvyatievich was a carpenter, and in the last years of his life he ruled the shipping office. Mother Varvara Vasilievna died of consumption, so her grandmother Akulin Ivanovna replaced her parents to the boy. Alexey went to a parish school. Having caught in smallpox, he forced to leave her.

Then he studied two classes in the Slobodsky Primary School in Canavin until he was excluded. In parallel from the age of 11, Peshkov began to earn extra money. At 16, the young man went to Kazan in the hope of entering a local university. Since he did not have a certificate of completed education, he was not allowed to exams. Subsequently, the guy began to work in the port, and in his free time he composed the first literary notes and stories.

Then Peshkov got a job in the bakery, where the people's volumes gathered. Here he met the works of Russian revolutionaries, and soon entered the underground circle of the Marxists. In his small homeland, he met the writer Vladimir Korolenko, who showed his poem "The Song of the Old Oak." The writer studied the work of the young colleague and found semantic and grammatical errors in him.

In his youth, Gorky went on a hike and visited the cities of the Caucasus and Crimea. In autobiography, he wrote that "he felt not in his place among the intelligentsia and went to travel." During the wanderings, the writer did not forget to compose, trying to imitate George Byron's style. The writer is traditionally considered the first published story of the writer, Makar Chudra, which was released on September 12 in the newspaper Caucasus.

Of the most popular works of that period, it is worth noting the “old woman Isergil”, “former people”, as well as the poem “Song of Falcon”. Another poem - “The Song of the Petrel” - has become a textbook. Maxim Gorky devoted a lot of time to children's literature. He wrote a number of fairy tales, for example, Vorobyshko, Samovar, published the first in the Soviet Union the northern lights children's magazine, revived the series of biographies “Life of wonderful people” who came out before the revolution ..

In the emigration on January 9, the first Russian revolution began, in which Gorky supported the rebellious workers. As a result, he was detained and imprisoned in the Peter and Paul Fortress. A month later, the prisoner was released, but for security purposes, he emigrated to the United States, where he managed to create a collection of essays “in America”. In the states of Alexei Maksimovich, tuberculosis worsened, and at the end he moved to Italy, to the island of Capri.

Here the writer accepted artists and revolutionaries, including Vladimir Lenin, whom he met in London. The photo has been preserved since those times that Gorky and Vladimir Ilyich have been playing chess. In Europe, the writer presented the novel “Mother”, on which he was inspired by the political demonstration of the year at the Sormovsky factory. Two years later, he began to be published in the journal "Chronicle", in which Vladimir Mayakovsky, Sergey Yesenin and Alexander Blok were also printed.

In the year, the writer went abroad, lived in Germany for a long time. The official reason in the Soviet press was named worsening health, according to other information, he left the country due to a conflict with the ruling party. By this time, he completed the autobiographical story “My Universities” about life in Kazan and the novel “The Artamonov case”.

In the future, the author began to create the epic "Life of Klim Samghin." He wrote to the journalist Konstantin Fedin that "it will be a bulky thing and, it seems, not a novel, but a chronicle." Gorky worked on the book until the end of his life, but he did not manage to put an end to it. A year later, he arrived at his homeland again and visited the camp on Solovki, talked with prisoners.

In M, the writer finally returned to the Soviet Union. In Moscow, in honor of Gorky's arrival, a solemn reception was arranged. The authorities allocated for him the writer of the former house of the banker and entrepreneur Stepan Ryabushinsky in the center of the capital, the cottage in the village of Gorki in the suburbs and housing in the Crimea. Personal life personal life of Alexei Maksimovich was rather stormy.

The first and officially the only time he married at 28 years. The publicist met his future wife Ekaterina Volzhina at the Samara newspaper publishing house, where the girl worked as a corrector. A year after the wedding, the son Maxim appeared in the family, and soon the daughter of Catherine, named after the mother. Also on the upbringing of the writer was his godson Zinovy ​​Sverdlov, who later took the surname Peshkov.

But Gorky’s love quickly disappeared. He began to be weighed down by family life, and their marriage with Volzhina turned into a parent Union: they lived together exclusively because of children.When Katya’s little daughter suddenly died, this tragic event became the impetus for the breakdown of family ties. However, the writer and his wife remained friends until the end of his life and supported correspondence.

But after the revolution, the artist was carried away by party work, she began to pay less attention to the family, so this relationship came to M. Gorky himself set the point, saying that he was leaving for Maria Zakrevskaya-Budberg, former Baroness and part-time to his secretary. The writer lived with this woman for 13 years. The marriage, like the previous one, was unregistered.

The last chosen one of Alexei Maksimovich was 24 years younger than him, and all acquaintances knew that she was twisting novels on the side. One of Maria’s lovers was the English science fiction writer Herbert Wells, to whom she left immediately after the death of the actual spouse. There is a possibility that Gorky’s lover, who had a reputation as an adventurer and collaborated with the NKVD, could be a double agent and also work for English intelligence.

Death after the final return to his homeland, Gorky worked in newspapers and magazines, created a series of books “History of Factories and Factories”, “The Library of the Poet”, “The History of the Civil War”, organized and held the first All -Union Congress of Soviet Writers. After the unexpected death of his son from pneumonia, Alexei Maksimovich Snik. At the next visit to the grave of the heir, he was very cold.

Gorky fell ill with pneumonia, which caused his death on June 18. The body of the Soviet writer was cremated, and the ashes were placed in the Kremlin wall on Red Square. But preliminary the brain of the deceased was removed and transferred to the research institute for further study. Later, the question was raised several times that Maxim Gorky and his son could poison.

In this case, the People's Commissar Henry Yagoda, who was the lover of Maria Zakrevskaya-Budberg, took place. They also suspected the involvement of Leo Trotsky and even Joseph Stalin, but there is no evidence for this. The memory of the hometown of Alexei Maksimovich - Nizhny Novgorod - in the year, during the life of the writer, was renamed his honor and was called Gorky to go.

The Central Park of Culture and Rest opened in Moscow on August 12. He was assigned the name of the eminent writer in metro. Stylized photo of Gorky, along with the profile of Alexander Pushkin, is included in the Literary Newspaper logo. The former house of the entrepreneur Stepan Ryabushinsky, in which Alexei Maksimovich spent the rest of his life up to death, found the official status of the museum in the metro station.

The extensive library of Gorky and interior items were preserved. The authors of the six -meter monument were sculptor Yakov Shapiro and architect Sabir Adylov. Initially, it was installed at the metro station, but later it was transferred to another place. The sculpture was eventually found in the courtyard of the Literary Institute of the Uzbek capital. For a long time, the name of the writer wore the Moscow Art Academic Theater.

In m, it was divided into two independent - Moscow Art Theater. Chekhov and Moscow Art Theater. In honor of Gorky, many cultural institutions in different cities of Russia are named. His name also bears a literary institution in Moscow.