Malyuta Skuratov Biography briefly

On the site with G., most contemporaries and descendants considered him a bloody executioner, an impeccable performer of the will of the patron - Tsar Ivan the Terrible. Malyuta Skuratov became a symbol of the oprichnina - policies of dividing the state and society into two opposing halves, violent land confiscations and relocations of service people, murders and robberies of representatives of the ruling elite, clergy, posad people, peasants.

Historians of different eras tried to recreate the psychological portrait of Skuratov, and in general their characteristics are similar. In the assessments of scientists, his inner world is painted mainly by black tones. Modern researcher D. Volodykhin notes that only “Malyuta’s death is the brightest spot in his biography” 1. It is difficult to understand whether Malyuta Skuratov was unusually cruel, is in nature inclined to villain acts, whether he enjoyed the reprisals against people, outlawed, or sought to impeccably fulfill the royal will, to be the most useful sovereign.

It is difficult to answer this question unequivocally, since the documents of personal origin of Grigory Lukyanovich Belsky are unknown. Nevertheless, thanks to the information about him in the categories, chronicles, monastic documentation and other sources, a number of key moments of his life, career growth can be revealed. Historians as a whole belonged to Malyuta Skuratov negatively and even hostile.

Shcherbatov, taking up the description of the “fierce act, taught by Tsar John Vasilievich with a new city,” in his “Istrassi from the Russian from ancient times” he wrote that at first the tsar “sent his beloved Malyuta Skuratov with the command to kill him in the exile of the Holy Her husband of Philita, who was exiled in Tver. Moscow; And this correct performer of all the cruel orders of the royal was fulfilled ”2.

Karamzin in the capital work of the history of the Russian state noted the fact of the personal participation of Malyuta in the murder of the cousin of the king of Prince Vladimir Andreyevich Staritsky 1 Volodikhin D. Malyuta Skuratov. Russian history from ancient times. Skuratov in the work of the official historiographer, as in the works of M. Shcherbatov, is called the “royal favorite”, “the praise John to the grave: he lived with the king and his friend, for the trial outside of this world” 3.

Solovyov wrote about Grigory Skuratov-Belsky as one of the closest to the king of the guardsmen, the “royal favorite” 4. The first attempt by the brief biographical essay of Malyuta Skuratov belongs to the Peru E. Likhach in the “Russian Biographical Dictionary” by A. restoring the basic facts of Belsky’s biography, noting the friendly relations that binded the king and the oprichnik, the author emphasized his norodovality and awarding him, due to this, the rank of nobleman, but the Duma nobleman5.

In Soviet times, one of the first to drew attention to the personality of Grigory Lukyanovich Belsky S. Based on materials from the personal fund of the scientist, it is clear how he tried to recreate the Belsky family tree by bit. In the “Studies on the History of the Opchnina”, who saw the light only after the death of the historian, Veselovsky for the first time in historiography gave a clear justification of the origin of the Belsky, separating them from Pleshcheyev and from the princes of the Gediminovichs7.

Unlike S. Platonov and P. Sadikov, he did not withdraw the Belsky from Pleshcheyev8. The biography of Malyuta Skuratov was reconstructed by V. Kobrin, for which he used the "track record of the guardsmen" of Veselovsky9. Kobrin also relied on the conclusions of his candidate dissertation on the social composition of the oprichnaya court of Ivan the Terrible G. The historian attracted data from various sources: bit and embassy books, deposit and parish-expanded books of the Joseph-Volokolamsk and Kirillo-Belozersky monasteries, notes of foreigners, chroniclers.

In the essay on Grigory Belsky, in addition to the facts of the biography, the researcher touched on topics such as the image of Malyuta Skuratov in folk memory, the origin of the Belsky clan, his family ties. The generalized brief description of Grigory Skuratov-Belsky without specifying the author of the article entered the “Soviet Historical Encyclopedia” some important moments of life and activity of Grigory Lukyanovich received lighting in the works of M.

Tikhomirov, A. Zimin and R. Chief Oprichnik Ivan the Terrible. Volodykhin devoted him a scientific publication, as well as a popular science study that saw the light in the series “Life of wonderful people”, however, a lot in the biography of Malyuta Skuratov remains unclear. To date, new information has been identified in the sources that reveal some dark moments of his life path.

Until now, the Belian genealogy has not been reconstructed in full, and historians have disagreements regarding the origin of this noble surname. Fracture moments in the life of Grigory Lukyanovich also cause disputes. In the scientific literature there is little information about its land possessions and financial situation. The ancestor of the Belsky S.Veselovsky was believed by Eustathius the son of Eustathius Athanasius is mentioned in the city of Athanasius Lukyan, nicknamed Skurat in the city from the decay book of the Joseph-Volokolamsky monastery, we learn that Malyuta Skuratov had two grandfathers and Ignatius obviously, Lukyan Afanasevich, the father of Grigory Malyuta, had more children than known in the courtyard notebooks.

Veselovsky believed that Yakov was the eldest son of Lukyan. In the sources of the second half of the XVI century. In the service of Peter Veriga, he was seen only once in June G. He was known to us mainly thanks to his deposits in the Joseph-Volokolamsk Monastery. Peter Veriga gave the monastery to feed by prince Ivan Kelmamaev and his sister Princess Elena 6 rub.

Belsky gave already according to Peter Verig Rub. Belsky made Veriga Gregory and mother Tatyana in addition to the commemoration of his father. Then it becomes clear why Gregory received the nickname Malyuta: he was the youngest son Gregory less or malyut in the family, see Belian genealogy. Another difficult moment concerns Bogdan Sidorovich Belsky, who is sometimes confused with Bogdan Yakovlevich.

Both bore a double name-Bogdan Andrey. From the spiritual first Anthony, the elder of the Savvin-Wrong monastery, Bogdan Sidorovich, already in the city of Bogdanov, the son of Belsky was his nephew B. Malyuta Skuratov, in addition to Sidor, had another brother, in the monks, Ilya, who accepted tonsure in the Joseph-Volokolamsk monastery. We also know the son of Ilya, Gregory, in the monks of gerontius it is difficult to determine the place of Vasily in the genealogy of Belsky, perhaps he was also the son of Lukyan Skurat.

We find many nephews of Malyuta Skuratov in the city Probably, their career is closely connected with the elevation of the uncle, who paved the way for them to the court. However, some Belsky chose to hide behind the walls of the Joseph-Volokolamsky monastery and accept monastic tonsure. Kobrin suggested that the surname of the Belsky was formed from the name of the city of Belaya by analogy with local landowners - the Gediminovichi by the princes of Belsky according to M.

Tikhomirov, this city in the northern part of the Smolensk land was built “from Lithuania” only in the city, however, the first mention of it in Russian chronicles dates back to the middle of the XIV century. In the "List of Cities of Distant and Middle", which came to us among other sources as part of the helmets of the Book of the Solovetsky Monastery of the late 15th century. In April, Semyon Ivanovich Belsky, according to the observations of A.

Zimin, the city went to Russia under the terms of the Russian-Lithuanian peace treaty G. Krom established that the title of Belian princes entrenched in the local Gediminovichs, whose possessions included white, relatively late, only with their transition to the Moscow service at the end of the XV century.

Therefore, the assumption of V. Kobrin can not be supported by Belian family surname from Belaya - representatives of this surname are known long before the attachment of the city to Moscow and lived not in the Smolensk region, but on the border of the Moscow and Zvenigorod districts. Obviously, Belsky are the indigenous landowners of the Russian Center. Belsky acquired estates in the Surozhsky camp of the Moscow district.

MALYUTH MALYUTS Prince. Kanbarov owned the estate in Surozhsky and the estate in Goretovo camps of the Moscow district, receiving Belian estates in the Belaya area in Belsky district occurred after G. Unfortunately, scribe books of the 16th century. The fact that the Belian gravators for Zvenigorod are indirectly evidenced by the burial of the father of Malyuta Lukyan Afanasevich and his children in the territory of the Joseph-Volokolamsky monastery, as well as the Belsky’s contributions to this monastery located next to the Zvenigorod district.

True, the descendants of the Belsky Skuratovs, submitting their genealogy painting to the House of Family Affairs in the city of Stanislav the son of Fedor Belskaya. And Fedor has children Andrei da Zinovy. At Zinovya, the children of Prokofiy da Lukyan, the nickname of Skurata, and Prokofiy Zinovievich Skurat was in the boyars and in Lithuania was in the post of great prince Alexander Lithuanian, with the great princes, Elena Ivanovna, the daughter of the great prince Ioanna Vasilievich all Russia of the autocrat.

And in Lukyan, the children of Ivan Da Grigory Malya are Skuratov both under the great sovereign Tsar and Grand Duke John Vasilyevich of All Russia, autocrat, Grigory Malyuta Skuratov, was in the boyars and in the year in the German campaign in the courtyard governors. Ivan's son Semyon Skuratov. Semyon has a son Fedor. Fedor has a son Dmitry Fedorovich ”In legend there are chronological inconsistencies and mistakes.