Biography of Henry Bruning

Chancellor Heinrich Bruning with a hand on his chin holds a meeting of his Cabinet of Ministers in the Chancellery Garden.

Bruning Bruning Henry in the years held responsible posts in the Catholic association of trade unions. In the year he was elected to the Reichstag, from the year the leader of the fraction of the party party. Was closely connected with the Vatican. In March - May Reichscanzler. The Brucking government widely used Art. Brunning government policy facilitated the establishment of an open fascist dictatorship in Germany.

In the year, Bruning emigrated to the United States. The materials of the Great Soviet Encyclopedia were used. Bruning, Heinrich Heinrich Briing; - The German politician of the period of the Weimar Republic. In gg. The Brucking Government has made decrees on a decrease in wages, on the introduction of new taxes, persecuted the anti -fascist workers' organizations and the Communist Party.

After Hitler came to power, Bruning moved away from politics and in the city of Wehrmacht on the Soviet-German front. Investigative and judicial materials from the archival criminal cases of German prisoners of war Christophores, V. Name comment. Bruning, Henry Bruning,, German politician of the period of the Weimar Republic, Chancellor. Born on November 26 in Münster, Westphalia.

He studied philosophy and political sciences. He held responsible posts in the Catholic association of trade unions. In May, he was elected to the Reichstag, where he took a prominent place in the fraction of the Center party, and with the leader of this faction. In foreign policy, Bruning saw his main task in winning the time for the military strengthening of Germany. In February, he headed the German delegation at the International Geneva Conference on Disarmament.

He was replaced by von Papen in this post. Returning to Cologne in, he took up teaching. He left for the USA again. Bruning died on March 30 in Norwick, Vermont. The material of the site is the third Reich - www. In May, Bruning was elected to the Reichstag, where he took a prominent place in the fraction of the center, and from the year he became the leader of this faction. In March, Bruning formed a government that was the first of the series of transition cabinets from the Weimar regime to fascism.

Based on the right parties, Bruning with the help of emergency decrees pursued a policy of decisive attack on the political and economic interests of the working people. In the field of foreign policy, Brunning saw his main task in winning the time for the military strengthening of Germany. Therefore, he avoided premature actions to cause anxiety in the camp of former opponents of Germany.

Using his close ties with the Vatican, Bruning was looking for rapprochement with the Catholic circles of France, as well as with the reactionary circles of the United States and Great Britain. Breaking the Western powers in the fact that in the conditions of an acute economic crisis, “Bolshevik danger” is approaching Germany, Bruning has achieved a number of important concessions.

In July, the Rhine zone was evacuated; In years, Germany received a deferred payment according to the Jung plan for a year, and 9. I Bruning said that Germany was not able to pay for reparations at all. Bruning and Kurzius, however, was less successful, however, Bruning has removed the well -known benefit from the situation: forced to abandon the union project, Bruning in exchange achieved new foreign loans.

In February, Bruning headed the German delegation at the International Geneva Conference on Disarmament. In May, Bruning resigned, giving way to Papen to the government. In the last period of World War II and after its end, Bruning tried with the support of the Vatican and some reactionary forces in the United States to play a political role again, but without success.

Diplomatic Dictionary. Vyshinsky and S. Nikish about the policy of G. Bruning: the fact that the state in which Germany has been since the year - since the establishment of a forced dictatorship of the Brunning, contradicted the constitution, was completely obvious: the order and functions of the German state power no longer had legal foundations. The role of internal political forces, their interaction, influence, ratio no longer corresponded to the letter and spirit of the Weimar constitution.

Parliaments have lost their role; The fact that, according to the plan was the prerogative of the legislative machine, now, with the help of orders and instructions, was decided by bureaucracy, which no longer had any brakes and restrictions. After the Reichstag was excluded from politics, which determined and decisive for the domestic political state of Germany became three instances: the Reichsprezine, Reich Scanler, Reichsver.

The Reichspreziyate gave all emergency measures that all contradicts the constitution with extraordinary decisions the appearance of legality; Thus, he suppressed the resistance to them. What was covered by the authority of Gindenburg, the people swallowed; Behind this they felt the will to order and were inclined to turn a blind eye to how this will tears all the threads of legality.Reichsver was a real force that gave additional and decisive weight to all orders of the Reichsprezident; If the natural authority of Hindenburg once would not work, then the Reichsver was always ready to provide emergency assistance.

During emergency provisions, military power flourishes with lush color. When the laws no longer act, only fear of military force can lead to submission. The Reichsver was an instrument of violence, which kept their own whims within the framework, but at the same time, without any respect, he treated the law and the constitution and realized his authority from one extraordinary disposal to another extraordinary disposal, based on them.

The existence of the German state was more and more based on the Reichswehr; His most silent presence protected from the universal forced anarchy, to which the German burgher was predisposed by the forced dictatorship of Brucking, which issued emergency decrees. It was quite natural that Reichsver sooner or later realizes the significance of its position; His self-consciousness, in the end, rose to an extraordinary height-until comprehending the state-political importance of its functions.

When Bruning entered the post of Reich Chancellor, his position was traditionally ensured by a support for parliament, as well as the authority of the Imperial President and the real power of the Reichswehr - as real resources for the departure of power. The specificity was to use the authority of the Reichsprezient and Reichsver as reserves only in the most extreme case.

Bruning, however, used these reserves often, and they successfully worked in the political game: with their help, he achieved such wins as fiscal support for the payment of additional taxes for sanitation of banks that deceived customers as the destruction of atheistic unions and as the imposition of a great set of prohibitions. But thanks to all this, Bruning was in a completely unique position.

The power of the Reichsprezident relys on the people who chose it during direct voting; The power of the Reichswehr is based on his weapons. And the natural source of power of the Reich Scanler is the parliament, which expresses his trust in him or, at least, “tolerates” him. Bruning was weakened by just that constitutional element, which organically represented the basis of power and the source of the power of the Reich Scanler; He weakened him, resorting to the help of two other constitutional elements, which the more gained in force, the more power the parliament lost this power.

So he himself destroyed the foundation of his power; The basis for its existence and actions was now not his own, one of the one, the root cause of the same weight as the Reichsprezi and Reichsver; He became dependent on those constitutional elements, in relation to which he, based on the very meaning of his position, had to always maintain absolute independence. This did not damage his prestige and influence until he still remained for him to retreat back to parliament, while he still retained the opportunity to use parliament, if necessary, to confront the Reich - the President and Reichver.

But the obvious change in the political sympathy of the population closed the path for him for such a retreat. The parliament, the composition of which no longer corresponds to the will of the people, is contained only from mercy, like a beggar; He feels fear of dissolution daily. Taking such fear, the Reichstag was already incapable of serving a support for brunning if he felt a need for such a support.

Bruning achieved his policy that he gained power in relation to parliament; He did not understand that such a weakening of the parliament would inevitably deprive of his strength. He thought that the parliament outwitted, but as a result, he was dependent on the other two pillars of the Constitution. While Bruning still possessed his own, independent support on parliament, the trust of Hindenburg made it invulnerable and invincible.

But when the trust of Hindenburg became his only saving anchor, it was already impossible to hide that he, as if a shipwreck and a person who needed help, exists in politics only out of mercy and compassion for those who have greater strength and power. The trust of Gindenburg, which turned into a single support pillar, was not at all unlimited and unconditional; Numerous forces began to undermine and rock this pillar.

Through the efforts of Oldenburg-Yanushau, the expression of the "concern" of landowners-junkers reached the ears of Gindenburg; The waves of popular excitement to the Reichsprezident were brought by the Secretary of State Maisner, very inclined to changes, and did it carefully, insidiously and persistently. Brucking had nothing more to oppose all this.The only thing he could strengthen the falling trust of Gindenburg and put an end to the machinations of dark forces was impossible for him: he was not available to a major political success that would convince him of his own right and his meaningfulness would make everyone who objected to his politics.

Geneva negotiations on disarmament brought disappointment. That last hundred meters, which, according to Bruning, separated him from the goal - release from the burden of reparations - was either a beautiful error or a ridiculous fruit of too violent fantasy. The position of the classes in the empire was such that it discarded the gloomy shadow into the future, Sulia is terrible cataclysms and shocks.

When it was found that Bruning hung in the air and retained from the fall only thanks to the care of Hindenburg, the Reichswehr’s attitude to the chancellor has changed immediately. The Reichsver no longer wanted to be the last instrument of a person who has nothing else in his hands. The Reichswehr ceased to obey after it turned out that the Chancellor lives only on the political loan that was provided to him by the Reichsprezident and the Reichswehr.

After all, it has already become clear that it is possible to do well without parliament: why, one wonders, so, rush with this worthless, meaningless creature - Reich Scanler? The course of things put the Reich Scanler dependent on the Reichsprezident and the Reichswehr; But if now real political decisions were made only by these two pillars of the constitution, then the preservation of the chancellor did not give any difficulties; He was an extra link.

Bruning felt that he was coming to his strength and prestige. His time is over. The very brunning itself, who still shortly before this throat, spoke hoarseness in support of the Reichsprezident, Hindenburg simply allowed the mouth, doing nothing to prevent this. The Reichstag has lost its original meaning, he ceased to fulfill the function that was assigned to him according to the Constitution; He has long ceased to be the place where the politics is being performed.

He turned into a risteline on which people converged, overwhelmed by primitive feelings of hatred and enmity, in the arena, on which the simplest passions of the masses encounter; He became the opportunity to throw out the accumulated, long restrained anger, pour it out to give himself a discharge. Parliament meetings have long ceased to be political events. They turned into something similar to the thunderstorms of heaven - after them, everything accumulated in mass psychology was immediately discharged with thunders and lightning.

Each request, every speech in parliament was aimed at causing irritation of the enemy; Each vote was a demonstrative challenge. No one was going to convince the enemy; They wanted to insult him, humiliate, hurt, “kill” with words. Instead of debate - a scandal, instead of an argument - a fist. In this kind of skirmish, reminiscent of boat showdowns, the fate of government cabinets was decided.

German affairs were in the grip of a stormy stream; Gindenburg himself pushed them there and opened the gateways.