Kise Kurokawa biography

The philosophy of Kisa Kurokava: the symbiosis of the nature and architecture of N. Popkov Annotation The article discusses the main stages of the evolution of the theoretical views of Kisa Kurokava regarding the issue of symbiosis of nature and architecture. The metabolic approach developed by Kisova and his colleagues allows you to create an architecture open to further systemic development by analogy with the ability of living organisms to grow and adapt to changing environmental conditions.

During the period of post -metabolism, Kurokawa states that architecture should follow the principles that constitute the essence of Japanese culture, which traditionally combines natural and artificial. In the last years of his life, Kurokawa discusses the transition from the era of the principle of machines to the era of the principle of life, an important component of which will be the symbiotic relations of man and nature, architecture and the environment.

In the homeland of the architect Kise Kurokava is perceived more as a philosopher than an architect. In one of his last interviews, Kurokava said: “Whether my ideas will find the embodiment in architecture or not, for me not the most basic, the main thing is that the basis of philosophical thought to become truly important for humanity, thought that could develop from generation to generation, because philosophy is eternal” [4].

His most famous theoretical works “Metabolism in Architecture” G. first of his ideas Kisa Kurokava announced in the year at the design of the International Design Conference. Together with several of his colleagues, he formulated the main provisions of the new architectural and urban planning theory, using the terms “metabolism” and “metamorphosis”, as key concepts of the life principle.

The concept of “metabolism” was based on ideas about a variable, dynamic space, open to further systemic development, as opposed to the Westernic orientation of the architecture of that time with rigidly recorded principles of shaping, based on complete and versatility. Kurokava explained that “metabolism” proceeds from analogy with living organisms, whose uniqueness is that living can develop and grow [11, C.

Only a metabolic approach to construction, according to Kurokav, is able to create an architectural environment of the future, capable of developing, adapting to social, economic and other people's lifestyle, just as living organisms and other organisms. Adapt to changing environmental conditions. The metabolic approach is a way to solve the problem of moral aging of architecture and its subsequent destruction: “If you replace only what is programmatically replaced ...

The structures will be durable” [6, C. The most fully the ideas of metabolism are reflected in the capsule buildings of Kisova Kurokava Rice. The capsule system represented a combination of two structures: an unchanged basis similar to a wood trunk; And - a flexible system of cells, like leaves strung on a constructive basis - a barrel capable of transformation and updating.

The capsule architecture of Kise Kurokava Kurokawa proposed using a metabolic principle at the level of city -planning. In his opinion, the city should be thought of in terms of the philosophical concept of the “rhizom” of the rhizome, that is, the branches of the network of several “small cities” of architectural units in the form of capsule houses and microdistricts, which are not subordinate to the hierarchy and foreseeing free growth and development [7, C.

The close interconnection of architecture and nature in the creativity It is based on a special attitude to nature in Japanese culture. In his book “The Philosophy of Sybiosis”, Kurokava devotes one of the chapters to the symbiosis of man and nature, where he describes in detail the traditional attitude to nature in Japan, which remains fundamentally unchanged until today. Unlike a western position, in which a person often captures the right to manage nature or control it, the Japanese “ideal that a person should strive for is not conquered nature, but live as part of nature, in accordance with its rules” [12].

The Japanese term “nature” “Sisen” means “being as it is” or “in harmony with the environment”, and interestingly, in the Japanese language “exploit nature” and “exploit a person” sound the same. Although the very concept of “culture” is considered as an antithesis of “nature”, the main characteristic feature of Japanese culture is that it is environmental culture.

The idea of ​​architecture as a constantly changing part of nature and society, which Kurokava developed in his works, perfectly harmonizes with the Buddhist doctrine of the transitional nature of all things - the traditional element of Japanese culture [6, C. Its detailed description of the national characteristics of Japanese architecture helps to understand the causes of the concept of metabolism and the subsequent philosophy of symbiosis.

Kurokava admires the principles of the construction of a traditional Japanese dwelling.Since ancient times, the Japanese built their homes on the principle of temporary shelters through the natural process of accretion from natural materials collected nearby. This is partly due to the adoption of a lifestyle on the basis of Buddhist doctrine of inconsistency and thendism of all things, and partly with frequent natural cataclysms, such as typhoons and earthquakes, after which they had to re -rebuild their dwellings.

Hence the characteristic choice of materials for Japanese traditional buildings: wood, tatami of rice straw and paper, which could easily be noticed in case of damage or wear. Kurokava writes that “Japanese culture is a culture of wood”, which is so appreciated by the Japanese [12]. The Japanese value the tactile and visual attractiveness of natural materials, their smells, as they are historically used to living in symbiosis with nature.

An important feature of the Japanese dwelling is its openness, which contributes to: sliding paper partitions that practically do not separate the residents from sounds, smells, light and other phenomena of the external environment; Angava is an intermediate space uniting the interior and garden Fig. Since the xs, during the period of post-metabolism, Kurokava is increasingly beginning to adhere to the idea that modern architecture should follow the principles constituting the essence of Japanese culture that remains unchanged for many centuries [5, the Japanese, the whole system of their life structure, refutes the widespread opinion that scientific and technological progress is irreversibly distinguished by a person from himself and nature.

They show the possibility of a flexible and skillful combination of the old and new, natural and artificial, traditions and the latest technologies, without changing the first and not ignoring the latter. In this regard, the Japanese architectural style of the bitch described in this regard, using the method of applying historically established principles of shaping in combination with new technologies and materials.

Mercilessly criticizing the architecture of modernism and the entire Western architecture, accusing the latter in a state of “fundamental opposition to nature”, Kurokava concentrates “efforts to find in the symbiotic Japanese tradition that it can contribute to the future of the architecture of the world” [6, C. He proposes a new type of intercultural architecture that is existing in symbiosis with the environment The environment through the integration of traditions and the most advanced technologies.

Elements of the traditional Japanese dwelling, the concept of metabolism is gradually transformed into the philosophy of symbiosis, which Kurokava in his theoretical works contrasts the philosophy of dualism dominating Western countries [3, C. For him, the symbiosis of opposition or even mutual -resistant, competitive concepts, such as: “architecture and nature, man and technology, historical past and future culture and future culture With other cultures ”, it is possible due to the emergence of an intermediary between them - a certain“ sacred zone ”, intermediate space [6, C.

This is a dynamic abstract space, including the process of mutual understanding and interpenetration, reveals the principle of life. In the architecture, to designate this intermediate space, Kurokava introduces the concept of “gray zones”, which, being a kind of median element between the inner and external space that absorb the qualities of both, but, not being either one or the other, help in their unification [5, S.

This technique has been widely used in the projects of Kisova Kurokava, which are part of the buildings, but in the public spaces, but in the same way The time open by the external environment Fig. The sample for the "gray zones" was the Engava - an external open gallery in traditional Japanese architecture, connecting the building with the garden surrounding it. The second technique that helps to achieve symbiosis between the internal space of the building and the external environment called Kurokava called “reversibility” or interpenetration [6, S., an example can be the introduction of an elements of a natural landscape into the architecture of the building or symbolic modeling of nature.

Kurokawa discussed the importance of using various means of ensuring human and nature symbiosis in the city at the practical level of everyday life. He sees such a symbiosis not only in the use of natural materials, proximity to landscape and direct contact with plants and animals. But also in the reasonable use of natural resources, the restoration of violated territories and environmental protection: “We cannot just rely on the natural environment that have come to us, thanks to the efforts of our ancestors.

In response to the development of those places that should be developed, we must also make efforts to create a new human nature in order to leave our descendants ”[12]. Kurokawa admitted that the issue of human survival of a person depends on the ability to exist in symbiosis with other life forms and ecosystems of our planet [7, C.The reception of “interpenetration” in the architecture of Kisa Kurokawa Symbiosis is one of the key concepts of the era of the principle of life, which, according to Kurokav, gradually replaces the era of the principle of machines, the era of the West, the era of dualism, the period of the struggle of opposition concepts.

He associated the architecture of the new era, first of all, with the concepts of ecology and symbiosis, stating that “the architecture of the principle of life will be discovered by regional and urban contexts, nature and the environment. It will move towards the symbiosis of nature and man, the environment and architecture ”[12]. Conclusions The idea of ​​a symbiosis of nature and architecture permeates all the main periods in the theoretical thoughts of Kurokav, although it undergoes some transformations.

It was present in the philosophy of metabolism, traced in the post -metabolic period, when its philosophy of symbiosis began to actively take shape, one of the components of which was the symbiosis of nature and architecture, it also does not lose its relevance in the 21st century, proclaimed Kisa Kurokava with an era of life. Literature Glaveva, D. Traditional Japanese culture.

The specifics of the worldview. Gudkova, T. features of modernism, Japanese traditionalism and modern Japanese architecture of the X. Gudkova, K. Dobritsyn, I. questions of the theory of Rhitecture. The architectural and theoretical thought of the new and modern times. Egorova, K. Kisho Kurokava. Kurokava, K. Lazarev, G. Popkov, N. Metabolism in Architecture.

Kurokawa, K. Tokyo: Kodansha International Ltd.