Dzerzhinsky biography briefly

And, although Felix Dzerzhinsky created a special service, which became the frame of the Soviet state, his biography inspires more to the rebellion than to protect. After all, his revolutionaryness was both successful, rational, and gentlemanly. And I vowed to fight this evil until the last breath, ”wrote Dzerzhinsky. Klimbim coloring. In E, the years of the youth of Dzerzhinsky, as well as his contemporaries - Pilsudski, the Brothers of the Lutskevichs, the Ivanovo - in Belarus and Lithuania, there was still a response of the imperial reaction to the uprising of the year.

There was a memory of the expulsion of entire families and confiscation of property, about the closure of churches and the ban on publishing books in the Belarusian, Lithuanian and Polish languages. There was Russification, and officials from the central parts of the empire were seasoned with everyone. Rather, twisted into the spring. And I vowed to fight this evil until the last sigh, ”wrote Felix Dzerzhinsky.

The boys were grouped into underground circles in schools, defiantly refused to speak Russian with teachers. True, during the time that passed from the Kostyushko uprising, the situation in the eastern expanses of the former Commonwealth changed. There was no longer a united front for the restoration of the gentry state within the boundaries of the year. Belarus, Ukraine, Lithuania also began to realize themselves.

Young people could choose. The thirst for national liberation was combined with the advanced and fashionable idea of ​​Marx and Engels, which promised enslaved classes of social justice. Why did Dzerzhinsky, who firmly recognized himself as a Poles, did not become a Polish socialist, like Pilsudski? Why did not he, born in Belarus, did not become a socialist Belarusian, did not join the Lutskevichs, to the alarm of the Belarusian peasantry when they founded the first Belarusian newspaper?

Why did Dzerzhinsky choose the path of the “all-Russian” social democrat-internationalist? Personal factors and ups and downs of fate played a role: the ideology of the Bolsheviks best corresponded to his hot character. Eleven years of prisons and expulsions made it irreconcilable. Personal acquaintance with Lenin and admiration for him was assigned the choice that Dzerzhinsky will remain faithful until the end of his life.

A complex combination of messianism on the verge of exaltation and moral relativism, faith in Christ and communism, spiritual warmth and cruelty in practical matters, hysteria in some situations and the ability to maintain stone calm in others - this is the alloy from which the Iron Felix was made. Lenin found a good, honest and disciplined revolutionary, a successful application, putting the world's first socialist state at the head of the political police.

At first he was an idealist. Then “strangle the counter” became a habit. In the last years of his life, he survived the disappointment with the results of his bloody work: he saw how the state he created is bony in the bureaucracy, and the special service created by him turns to a bunch of villains. Tired and devastated, Dzerzhinsky, before his death, plunged into deep depression.

How can one person be combined in one person? The Case of the Iron Felix was born ahead of schedule when the pregnant mother fell into the basement and hit hard. The baby was born healthy, which looked like a real miracle. This symbolized the name that means "happy." In history, this man went as an iron felix. Now it is the Stolbtsovsky district of the Minsk region, and here is the House-Museum of Iron Felix.

Photo: Wikimedia Commons. Felix's father, Edmund Rufin-graduated from the Physics and Mathematics Department of St. Petersburg University. Many relatives of Dzerzhinsky participated in the uprising - years, but Edmund suffered another fate. The reasons for this are poor health and love for his student. She was young Elena Yanushevskaya -, the daughter of a professor at the St.

Petersburg Railway Institute, a relative of the poet Julius Slovak. In the spring of the year, Edmund and Elena got married. The groom was 26 years old, the bride - I had to leave away from the eyes of friends and relatives who convicted the representatives of the famous Vilnius family and poor former student. With the help of a father -in -law, the young settled in Kherson, and in the year moved to Taganrog.

Here, among the students of Edmund, was the future famous writer Anton Chekhov, who mentioned the name of his teacher of mathematics in the story “Russian Coal True History”. In the year, Edmund found tuberculosis. After that, he and his family returned to his homeland, in Dzerzhinovo, where on September 11 or 30, the son of Felix was born according to the old style of the year, the sixth child in the family.

Mom’s Balovin boy grew stubborn, but honest. He was the soul of a children's company, invented various pranks and fun. Among his favorite classes was riding, crayfish hunting and feeding protein.

But in the year in the Dzerzhinsky family there was a tragic incident: Felix and his brother Stanislav took a gun to shoot on the target, and accidentally killed Vanda's sister. Probably, this tragedy was reflected in the still fragile psyche of a teenager.Felix was brought up in a Polish patriotic spirit: on rebel songs, the music of Frederick Chopin and Mikhail Cleopas Oginsky, the works of Julius Slovak and Adam Mitskevich.

At four, he quoted Pan Tadeusz by heart. He was the beloved son of his mother, who at the age of 32 was left alone with eight children in her arms. Edmund died of tuberculosis when Felix was only five years old, and only Felix recalled the oldest, only Felix: “I remember the evenings in our little estate, when my mother told the lamp in the light, and the forest was noisy, how she talked about the persecution of the Uniates, how they forced prayers in Russian on the basis that these cathos were forced to sing in Russian Belarusians; I remember her stories about how the indemnities were imposed on the population, how it was persecuted, how he was pestering taxes.

” In the year, Dzerzhinsky recalled: "As a boy, I dreamed of an invisible hat and destruction of all the Muscovites." He wanted to become a priest until the age of seven he did not know the Russian language at all, so he remained in the first grade of the Vilnius gymnasium for two years. His beloved lesson is the Law of God. Felix even wanted to enter the theological seminary, participated in the small circle of the “heart of Jesus”, forced his older brother to pray daily.

When asked what God for him, he answered: “God is in the heart”, “If I once find out that there is no God, I will put a bullet in my forehead.” Felix sometimes compared himself to Christ, he was going to "hug all human suffering, suffer for others and save humanity. But such dreams did not last long. I fell from such a terrible height into reality. I am a dwarf.

" From the priestly path of Felix, the mother and priests of Yasinsky were discouraged. The priest believed that the young man was “too cheerful and flirtatious”, and, even worse, is very popular among gymnasium students. The girls gave him notes, putting them under the insoles Galosh Yasinsky, who attended both female and male Vilnius gymnasiums in the morning.

When two gymnasium students quarreled, this became known. The priest had a tough conversation with Felix. And the young man after the insult to the priest transferred to religion as a whole. In the year, he had a new hobby: "Then I was rushing about the fact that there is no God, and everyone warmly proved it." The native brothers of the first beloved girl of Felix - Julia Goldman, the daughter of the famous Vilnius merchant, poet and journalist Isaac Meerovich, contributed to this.

The death of the mother and the revolution on January 14, after a serious illness, Elena Dzerzhinskaya died. Felix was not his own after that, he conflict with teachers of history and the Russian language. When the order appeared in the gymnasium to talk exclusively in Russian, Dzerzhinsky burst into the teacher’s and called the teachers “bastards”. Aldon’s sister recalled: “[Teachers] were so confused that they did not manage to take any measures.

At home, Felix cheerfully talked about all this with a sense of joy from the fulfilled duty. " After that, Felix, who, during the January of the year, lost both his mother and grandmother, decided to leave the gymnasium. Only according to the Law of God he had a four, in the rest of the objects of the three, and in Russian and Greek - generally deuces. But Dzerzhinsky was no longer interested in this.

He was completely captured by the idea of ​​restructuring the world. To her needs, he gave all his money earned by tutoring. And on May 14, on the day of the coronation of Emperor Nicholas II, on Mount Gedimin in Vilna, he oath to fight evil to the last blow. Six arrests, three times ran in the first months of the revolutionary activity of Felix nearly killed. Moreover, the Vilnius workers tried to do this, for whom he fought, they aimed with a knife in the temple.

And in July, Dzerzhinsky was first arrested. For 10 rubles, Felix was given out by a young man to whom he transferred illegal literature. Felix refused to give out friends, and he was beaten to loss of consciousness. He promised friends at large: "The gendarmes beat me, and I will avenge them." Time will still come to this, but for now Dzerzhinsky, like a minor, in May received three years links to the Vyatka province.

On the way, the authorities are trying to “re -educate” him, placing in shipping prisons in the same cameras with criminals. But wasted. In August, Dzerzhinsky fled for the first time. First, on a boat, then, hiding in the forests, I got to the railway station and further - to Vilna. But six months later - arrest again. Felix was contained in the X pavilion of the Warsaw fortress, received five years of exile in the Yakut province.

During the shipment in May, he raised a rebellion in the Alexander Central of the Irkutsk province due to cruelty of the regime. Political prisoners took possession of several brownings and captured one prison building, over which they raised a red flag with the inscription "Freedom". For two days the siege lasted until the authorities made concessions.