Old Believers biography

Who are the Old Believers and how did they appear? Patriarch Nikon offers new liturgical books. The beginning of the split of the year. Chromolithography from the picture of Alexei Kivlenko. It arose in the middle of the XVII century, after the Moscow Patriarch Nikon - carried out the reform of the church about it - below. The Old Believers are divided into priests and nonsense.

The concept of the rite is wider: they include any ritual actions .. At the same time, bishops who had the right to ordain ordination - one of the seven church sacraments, the construction of a face to the spiritual dignity. The bishop literally laid his right hand for the future priest, pronouncing a prayer. She was headed by the former Metropolitan of the Bosno-Sarayevsky Ambrose ..

However, some priests did not recognize the hierarchy established by Ambrose, and already in Soviet times, in the year, organized into the Russian ancient Orthodox Church of the RDC. Nonvovtsy believe that the official priesthood is devoid of divine grace, so there is no need for it. They adhered to celibacy, believed that the kingdom of the Antichrist had already come, and, unlike other Orthodox, did not pray for the king.

The Philippians who also preached self -immolation in order to save the soul. The most radical nonsense were Netovites. They believed that only Jesus Christ knows who and how would be saved, and practically nothing depends on a person. Therefore, they had neither temples nor rituals even funeral, only the sacrament of baptism. As the Nizhny Novgorod land became the center of the split what role was played by the Nizhny Novgorod in church reforms of the 17th century and what the local Old Believers 2 became famous for.

Why did the reform need and what was its essence? The Almighty saved. In the year, Rus' joined the left -bank Ukraine, on the territory of which the Greek rite, also common in the Balkans and the Middle East, acted. The Russian rite was different from Greek. For example, otherwise the name of Christ was written - Jesus, not Jesus, were baptized by two fingers, not three, and so on.

The unification of the Russian and Greek rites would unite all the Slavs-the Eastern and the Balkan-and would laid the foundation for the Great Greek-Russian Empire. What was this unification? Firstly, in the editing of church texts. In the Old Slavonic transfers of the Holy Scriptures and liturgical books rewritten by hand, there were many discrepancies, so they were edited and brought into line with the Greek.

Secondly, instead of the biaples of the sign of the sign, a three -e-pass. Until the middle of the XVII century, the raised index and middle fingers meant the divine and human nature of Christ, and the three fingers pressed to the palm of the palm of the hand. Instead of the procession and custody of the supplement, that is, by the sun or clockwise, the cerebral is the ritual of burning in the fake and other aromatic resins during worship.

They also began to serve not at seven, but on five prosphoras of prosphora - the special bread used during worship .. Finally, Hallelujah was now repeated not twice, but three. At first glance, these changes were absolutely formal. Why then did they produce such a shocking effect? The fact is that the Orthodox person who lived in the middle of the 17th century did not share the rite and the dogma dogma - the main situation in religion, accepted on faith and not subject to criticism ..

The church changed according to the dubious Greek model, and yet the Greeks first concluded an alliance with Catholics, and then found themselves under the rule of Muslims-Turoks. For a Russian Orthodox man, confident in the truth of his own faith, this was unacceptable. Therefore, the reforms led to a split. Who is Protopop Avvakum? Avvakum's journey through Siberia.

The picture of Sergey Miloradovich. In years, he entered, together with the future Patriarch Nikon, a circle of zealots of piety - the circle of spiritual and secular persons that existed at the end of the X - beginning of the X. He was founded by Stefan Vonifatiev, the confessor of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich. In protest, Avvakum wrote a petition of a petition - a letter with a petition or complaint, filed in the name of the king or local authorities until the XVIII century.

In the year he was arrested, thrown into the basement of the Andronikov Monastery in Moscow, then exiled to Tobolsk, and from there in Transbaikalia. Ten years later, Avvakum returned to Moscow. By that time, Patriarch Nikon was already in disgrace, and Alexei Mikhailovich reacted much more benevolent towards Avvakum. But a year later, the rebellious Protopop again wrote a petition, in which he was indignant at the Russian Orthodox Church, and again was exiled - this time to the Arkhangelsk region.

In the year, he was brought to the capital and was cut out there, which caused great popular outrage. Over the next year, the ally of Avvakum were executed, and he was punished with a whip and exiled to Pustozersk Pustozersk - a disappeared city in the lower reaches of the Pechora River, located on the territory of the current Nenets Autonomous Okrug. In exile, he wrote most of his works, including the famous “Life of Protopop Avvakum”, which is considered the first Russian autobiography.From exile, Avvakum actively sent letters and messages, among which was a letter to Tsar Fedor Alekseevich with criticism of the policy of his father and Patriarch Joachim.

As a result, in the year, Avvakum and some of his associates burned a burning in a log house in a log house - a type of execution that arose in Rus' in the 16th century and actively applied to the Old Believers after the split of the church in the middle of the 17th century .. How did the autobiography of the schismatic expressed the contradictions of the era 4.

The Old Believers and the Old Believers - is this the same thing? Old Believer in the cemetery. But in recent years, a polar point of view has appeared: its supporters call the Old Believers of carriers of traditional Russian folk religiosity, which included in themselves the elements of paganism. Future leaders of the Old Believers before they opposed the henpower and entered into confrontation with Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich and Patriarch Nikon, fought for the purity of faith and the elimination of those distortions that appeared under the influence of folk traditions.

For example, they fought with fortune -telling, superstitions, magical practices and games. The same Protopop Avvakum really did not like buffoons. The religious consciousness of an educated theologian and ordinary parishioner can vary significantly today. Protopop Avvakum and Patriarch Nikon were closer to each other than to his contemporary peasant, the bearer of folk religiosity.

But most researchers still continue to use the concepts of “old faith” and “Old Believers” as synonyms, because folk religiosity is present in any tradition, including in the official Russian Orthodox Church, and it makes no sense to distinguish it into a special tradition. Why were the Old Believers so hated and persecuted? Picture of Grigory Myasoedov. According to various calculations, in the second half of the XVII century in self -immolations, a person died from above ..

Some researchers explain it with a pressure of external circumstances and the lack of choice: the Old Believers were forcibly converted to official Orthodoxy. Only in the year the Russian Orthodox Church lifted the anathema anathema - the highest church punishment, excommunication. The Old Believers lived closed, were the hermits? Nicholas II accepts bread-salt from the Yaroslavl Old Believer Ascension community.

The hermits and recluses were among the Catholics among the usual Orthodox, but the Old Believers were more likely to become hermits. They chose isolation to hide from the authorities and maintain the purity of faith - with the help of chastity, abandoning alcohol and European dress. The Old Believers-Bespopovites even believed that it was possible to defile through a joint meal and communication with heretics, Gentiles or unbelievers.

Among them were there many wealthy entrepreneurs and philanthropists? Representatives of the four branches of the Morozov clan. The temple of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary in Putinka existed such a phenomenon as the Old Believer merchant. The Old Believers took care of their employees: they built hospitals, almshouses, libraries. The literacy level among the Old Believers as a whole was higher than in the country.

Old Believer communities were very rich, and their members played an important role in the formation of Russian industry. With the introduction of relief and constitutional principles of the monarchy in the year, the Old Believers-entrepreneurs tried to become the basis of young Russian capitalism. Did they always have long beards? The splitter says to the barber: “Listen, barber!

I don't want to cut the beards. Look, I’ll scream at you soon. ” Before Peter I reforms, all men wore beards. The Old Believers remained faithful to this tradition, like other pre -reform norms. The introduction of shaving seemed an additional evidence of the confluence of the Russian kingdom into heresy and the onset of the kingdom of Antichrist. The situation was aggravated by the fact that everyone shaved in the West, and the Old Believers considered Europeans heretics.

How was the Old Believers treated in the USSR? Old Believer chapel in the posad of meadows. The photograph of E. exists of the opposite opinion: the Old Believers took an active part in the revolution and supported the Soviet regime, because the monarchy pursued them for many years. Therefore, some of them participated in the February Revolution and were members of the Provisional Government, the Provisional Government - the highest body of Russian state power in March - October.

The Bolsheviks and the richest industrialist Savva Morozov also supported. The contradictions between the Old Believers and revolutionaries were too great. The Bolsheviks strove for the modernization of society, and the Old Believers were traditionalists and conservatives. They did not want to live in Soviet society, they did not want to give secular and even more Soviet education to their children, collective farms considered antichrist institutions.

In years, they fell under the wheel of repression and divided the fate of representatives of other religious directions. But after the annexes of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania in August and the events of the Second World War, the Old Believer communities in these regions were either destroyed or emigrated to the west - mainly to North and South America.