The study of scientific biographies

Try the literature selection service. You can always turn off the advertisement. Scientific Biography of a Writer as a Type of Literary Research The Firstell this Paper Examines the History of the Study of the Biographal Genre in Literatureature; Its Basic Theoretical and Methodological Principles are Formulated; The Corresponding Terminology is Clarified.

To the question of the principles of constructing plays A. The existential modus of the work of A. Chekhov: Dis. Yekaterinburg,; Lapushin R. Perm, Chekhov and L. On the unity of form and content in the “Cherry Garden” by A. Drama Chekhov. Creativity of nothing A. Chekhov as a thinker. Our tormentor is Chekhov. UDC keywords: scientific biography, genre, history, methodology, writer.

Demchenko this Paper Examines the History of the Study of the Biographical Genre in Literature; Its Basic Theoretical and Methodological Principles are Formulated; The Corresponding Terminology is Clarified. Key Words: Scientific Biography, Genre, History, Methodology, Writer. Belchikov, contribute to the movement of scientific thought, raise the level of knowledge of the life and work of a particular writer ”1.

The relevance of the writer's biography, said by a prominent literary critic, is formulated today by A. Kholikov2 the existing scientific biographies are still extremely small. There are few books approaching them by the type of labor: work about A. Pushkin B. Tomashevsky, and M. Lermontov N. Brodsky, remained incomplete; With the finished monographs, we will constantly keep in mind the writers of the XIX century.

Nekrasov, V. Belinsky, M. Saltykov-Shchedrin, N. One of the reasons for the rare appeal of literary critics to scientific biographies is probably their special labor intensity: scientific and biographical studies require many years of effort. Another reason lies, apparently, in insufficient theoretical development of the type of research. Typically, the authors avoid the designation “scientific biography” and use more common - “life and activity”, “life and creativity”, “biography”.

Moreover, not every such biography is approaching scientific biographies with their specific features. It is therefore necessary first of all to find out, so far in the most general form, the main features of a scientific and biographical study and in this regard to clarify the existing terminology. The concept of "biography" is customary to use in a double sense: as a description of the life of the person being studied and as a life path of a given person.

In the modern explanatory dictionary, the second meaning is given as a figurative, its application in our article is explained by context each time and is not specifically stipulated. For us, “biography” is a description of life, “scientific biography” is a scientific biography. Meanwhile, the concept of “scientific biography”, which implies the characterization of the scientific side of the activities of prominent scientists, has become widespread.

So, the Publishing House "Science" has been publishing small books in the series "Scientific Biography" for many years, containing a presentation of scientific views of scientists of various specialties4. The literary critic and philosopher V. Asmus wrote about one of his books: “Her subject is the scientific and philosophical biography of Descartes” 5. According to this model, we can talk about the “musical biography”, “working biography”, etc.

Here the type of biography is not due to the way of describing the life of a certain person, but by the content of his activity. Such an interpretation of the concept of “scientific biography” is outside the sphere of our attention as very narrow, one -sided. You can not call the explanations proposed by modern literary directories. The “Brief Literary Encyclopedia” states that the biography “can be scientific, artistic, academic, popular, etc.

We read almost the same in a modern encyclopedic publication:“ genres of artistic biography, scientific, popular and academic ”7 are distinguished” 7. It is not explained what, for example, the difference between academic and scientific biographies? Maybe the academic biography is an academician or a biography published by an academic institution? The unclearness, the confusion of such instructions reflects the obvious dysfunction in theoretical developments of the biographical genre in general and the scientific biography in particular.

By scientific biography, we mean - in the most general formulation - a wide scientific and documentary study of the life of the studied figure. The article refers to Russian writers - therefore, a scientific biography is defined as a type of literary study. There is a definition belonging to V. Lakshi-well: “The writer’s scientific biography is based on facts subjected to critical study and documentary verification, a chronological study of the author’s life in the light of the main pathos of his work and ideological and art evolution” 8.

In addition, we note that the peculiarity of the artist’s creative personality is also revealed in its concrete historical connections with the era, literary and public environment, family environment. Scientific biography is not at all the prerogative of literary criticism.The need for scientific and biographical monographs talks interested in historians, philosophers9. Specialists participating in the discussions unanimously recognize not only the importance of the task of creating scientific biographies, but also the urgent need for the theoretical study of the biographical genre in general.

The theoretical problems of the biography have not yet received a systematic presentation in the scientific literature. There is still no appropriate literature pointer. The only bibliographs on this topic are continued to be reference books drawn up in the 10th. Rybnikov10 and N. These signs, incomplete for his time, are not able to satisfy the biography involved in the study. For a long time, V.

Zhdanov’s power retained the power of the long -standing: “Unfortunately, we have no theoretically developed principles of modern biography, as there are not even attempts to study and summarize the already accumulated - and considerable - experience” and yet works on this topic that appeared in subsequent years, is clearly not enough to study the history of the biography and the creation of its theory - a special task, requiring the monographic labor of literature theorists.

This article proposes a brief history of the biographical genre and its methodological equipment. One of the foreign researchers of the beginning of the twentieth century. Leo proposed to divide all ancient biographies into “peripathetic”, i.e. Leo, the chronological principle of the story, “scientific” - this classification turned out to be arbitrary because it was based on insufficient material, since the ancient writers' antique biographies reached very minor passages, and one of the newly -naval fragments of the biography of Euripides turned out to be written by the subsequent.

It is important to note another: an attempt was the attempt to put the type of biography in an exceptional dependence on the chronological principle of the narrative. Nevertheless, F. Leo's proposals deserve attention: 1 for the first time in literary criticism the term “scientific biography” appears, although its interpretation cannot be accepted by modern science; 2 The classification of the scientist reflected the desire that existed already in antiquity and developed in subsequent centuries to contrast the artistic biography of the scientific, by which over time began to understand the business, dry presentation of the events of the life of an outstanding person.

Wahler, biographies most often consisted of chronological listing of dates, events often fragmentary and random and works of the writer, it is believed that in Russia during the Middle Ages the biography genre was represented by “lives of the saints”, however, it would be more precisely to say that “life is not a biography, but an instructive pannehyr in the framework of the biography” this opinion was shared by the academician D.

Novikov, for example, his own, for example, his own, his own, his own. Labor explained the concern “about the preservation of the memory of his writers” 19, but he limited his task only by reports of brief information about the life and work of the author. A new and fundamentally different interest in the biographical genre was aroused by the book of the English writer L.

Boswell “The Life of Samuel Johnson” paid the main attention to the description of multi -result biographical details and facts that helped to penetrate the writer's state of mind and present his life in a lively image.

Saint-Bev in the city with the name Saint-Beva is customary to associate the emergence of the so-called “biographical method” in the history of literature. Saint-Bev understood that art "is one of the important aspects of social life." However, this dependence was considered by him as something secondary, not explaining the main in the writer’s life, and, carried away by the collection of materials of the personal, intimate plan, he put in the first place the creation of a fiction portrait.

Before such a work, he believed, thoroughly, “venerable”, but deprived of the necessary artistry, thoroughly rich, facts, fading. The biography should be a “work of art” in stimulating a wide interest in the creative personality was the main merit of St. Bephava. But the obligatory requirement of artistry, which does not exclude the presence of fiction in biographies, gave it to the statements of excessive categoricality.

Some supporters of Saint-Beva, especially T. Carleil, and T. Makole, attempted to deepen and canonize the “biographical method”. So, according to the concept of a “heroic personality” put forward by T. Carlel, only a great person who reveals the “divine meaning of life” can solve the problem of social disharmony. From the midst of outstanding personalities, poets were particularly, completely by Schelling, since literature is the "Apocalypse of Nature", "a continuous revelation of the Divine in the earthly and human." Conclusion: “The history of the world is a biography of great people” -was an energetic expression of a subjective, unilateral worldview, which served as a philosophical basis of the “biographical method”