Vologda and biography

Historical cities and settlements Vologda Vologda are one of the oldest cities in Russia. Since September 23 - the administrative, cultural and scientific center of the Vologda region. The city is located on the banks of the Vologda River. Also, the federal highway M-8 Moscow-Arkhangelsk passes through Vologda. The population of the city, according to January 1, was 6 thousand.

The foundation of the city of Vologda is considered to be a year. This year is mentioned in the life of the Monk Gerasim, who, having come from Kyiv, founded the Trinity Monastery on the Vologda River, which laid the foundation for a large city. The first documentary certificate of Vologda, recognized by historians, is in the agreement of Novgorod with the prince dated to the year.

The second mention of the city is contained in the annals that in the year of the Tver Prince Yaroslav, together with the Tatars, he attacked Vologda and had “rich self -interest” from her robbery. Archaeological studies also do not yet confirm the annals of Vologda's foundation. The most ancient finds in the city dates back to the XIII century. From where the name of the city came from, no one knows for sure, but there is an opinion that it is connected with both Finno-Ugric and Slavic origin.

Perhaps the word "Vologda" comes from the threat of Finnish "dragging"-"big forest." Vologda in the old days was really surrounded by dense forests. Another explanation of the origin of the name is seen in the Zyryansk word “fiber” - “forest river” or “clear river”. In the Veps language, “white” means “white”, the more ancient forms of the word are “valgeda”, “valkeda”.

Thus, the toponym "Vologda" can be deciphered as "a river with clean, clear water." Others tend to think that the city received its name from the Slavic word "Volok", since the Novgorodians, mastering the rich eastern lands, moved their rooks to the Sukhona and Northern Dvina basin precisely along the Volokoks. Volok - a pass in the upper rivers of various pools, comes from the word "drag" to drag.

Through the drags they dragged vessels with goods with a dry way - “dragging”. This version became the most famous thanks to the book “My Wandering” by Vladimir Gilyarovsky, who lived in Vologda in young years. The root of the name "Vologda" can occur on behalf of any prince or princess, who owned the city, for example, Vsevolod, Rogvolda and Rogvolgda. Vologda has another name-Nason-city, known for folk songs and traditions.

It came from the names of the Holy Apostles of Jason and Sosipatra, on the day of which, April 28, King Ivan the Terrible carried out the laying of the Stone Fortress - the Vologda Kremlin. Since that time, the city has become the lot of Moscow princes. City fortifications and bridges, dwellings and churches, commercial and industrial premises were built from wood. The lazy platform with the Church of the Resurrection of Christ remained the center of the ancient city for almost five centuries.

A significant period of heyday and strengthening of Vologda is associated with the board of Ivan the Terrible. First of all, the city becomes one of the most important transit centers in the foreign trade in Russia with England, Holland and other Western countries along the Belomorsky path and in trading with Sukhonoma and Perechegd. In Vologda, a sovereign of the pantry courtyard was built on the banks of the river.

Foreigners opened their trading offices and courtyards in the city. The GASS trading agent wrote about Vologda as a large and rich city in the center of Russia, selling with many cities.

Ivan the Terrible repeatedly visited Vologda. Feeling in the north in greater security, he decided to create his new state residence here. There is a legend that Ivan the Terrible wanted to turn Vologda into the capital of Rus', but this was prevented by this, allegedly falling from the ceiling of the unfinished Sofia Cathedral either on him, or next to the monarch, a fragment of brick - “as a red plytin felled from the vault of Tupovatov”.

The Grand Duke Ivan IV was eager to turn Vologda into an oprichnina capital. The sooner liquidation of the oprichnina, obviously, changed the plans of Grozny regarding Vologda. In the Time of Troubles, Vologda and her surroundings were subjected to severe devastation. In the year, the city was seized with an epidemic of plague. In February, the People’s Militia came out of Vologda under the leadership of Nikita Vysheslavtsev, who freed Romanov and Yaroslavl from the interventionists of the city.

As evidenced by the Vologda Archbishop Sylvester, “September 22, an hour before the rise of the Sun, the ruins of the Orthodox faith came to Vologda with an unknown extension, they took the city, the people were chosen, they scolded the churches of God, burned the city and Posada to the ground.” With the reign on the throne of the Romanov dynasty, Vologda is experiencing a new rise.

By decree of Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich, a wooden city fortress is being revived and strengthened. The city turns into one of the main markets for trade in bread, salt, livestock products. Through Vologda there is foreign trade in the Moscow state with Western countries. In the Vologda, flax processing, leather production, wood processing, and blacksmithing are actively developing.It consisted of the Kremlin of fortifications went within modern streets of the world, the Oktyabrskaya, Leningrad and the banks of the Vologda River and three Posadov: Upper, Lower and Zarechny.

The Kremlin was a military, administrative, commercial and spiritual center of the city, county and the Big Vologda diocese. Under Peter I, who visited our city five times, Vologda becomes one of the main state military bases of the country. There was a military and technical equipment for the fortresses under construction, warships. In the city, vessels were built to deliver supplies to Arkhangelsk, ropes were made.

After the foundation of St. Petersburg, the main trade relations move from the northern direction to the Baltic. For a while in Vologda, all stone construction is prohibited, since the stone goes on the construction of a new Russian capital. Vologda until the beginning of the twentieth century is built up according to the plan of the provincial city, approved in the year.

In the 19th century, the historical appearance that is characteristic of the city today was formed in Vologda. Stone and wooden mansions, administrative buildings built in the century before last, to this day decorate the city. The development of the city was facilitated by the construction of railways in the Vologda province. The question of the connection of Vologda by railway tracks with large cities of Russia rose on the agenda in the years of the XIX century.

The work undertook to carry out the "Society of the Moscow-Yaroslavl-Arkhangelsk Railway", the main shareholder of which was Savva Mamontov. At first glance, the road device “along the swamps” seemed to be a whim of a millionaire. State people on this occasion have ironized that “he intends to take out a clogging from the north,” but Mamontov remained deaf to these ridicule and did his job.

It was only a year to conduct a narrow -column road from the Yaroslavl District station to Vologda station. Its opening took place on June 20. At 6 o’clock in the morning, the first passenger train with passengers went from Yaroslavl and arrived in Vologda in the evening. Among the passengers were Savva Mamontov and the chief engineer of the construction of Chizhov.

In the year, the narrow -gauge railway connected Vologda with Arkhangelsk. During the First World War, the significance of the Arkhangelsk port increased significantly, so the railway was rebuilt to a wide track. The construction of the railway Petersburg - Vologda - Vyatka began in the year. In the year, Vologda was connected by a steel highway with St. Petersburg, and in a year with a rope.

The passenger train in the road to the capital was 19 hours. At the end of the XIX - early twentieth centuries in Vologda, water supply, power station, telephone station begin to work in Vologda, cinemas open. During the long historical period, the Vologda land was a place of political link. Since the 19th century, exiles, among which have been outstanding politicians, writers, scientists, had a great influence on the political, social and cultural life of the whole region.

According to approximate estimates, at the end of the XIX - early XX centuries, about ten thousand people passed through the Vologda link, among them A. Lunacharsky, B. Savinkov, A. Bogdanov, N. Berdyaev, V. Molotov, I. Stalin, M. Ulyanov and others. In December, Soviet power was established in Vologda. For almost six months in the city, the Vologda City Duma and the Council existed in parallel.

Dual power was liquidated in the summer of the year after the arrival of the Soviet revision commissar M. during the Great Patriotic War in the city was introduced by martial law. Industrial enterprises switched to military production. Through the railway junction of the Vologda, there was a supply of the front and Leningrad, the evacuation of equipment and people, only in July thousands of people were placed in the city and region.

Vologda was a large hospital center. During the war years, the Donors of Vologda passed 35 tons of blood. By September, residents of the city had collected 2.7 million rubles to the defense fund, one kilogram of gold, 36.7 kilograms of silver, a tank, a column of Vologda collective farmer and the “heroic Leningrad” column, were built at the expense of the workers and the region.

In the year, the city was awarded the Order of the October Revolution. Vologda is among the Russian cities with a particularly valuable historical heritage. This is one of the most preserved large cities, the existing historical appearance of which formed a harmonious combination of monuments of stone and wooden architecture. In Vologda, there are more than monuments of architecture and history of federal and regional significance.

The most famous of them by the Vologda Kremlin, the Sofia Cathedral, the Spaso-Prilutsk Monastery, the ensemble of the Vladimir churches, the church of Konstantin and Elena, the Church with the frescoes of John the Baptist in the Grove, Dmitry Prilutsky and the Koprovi on the kids, the architectural ensembles of the Stone Bridge and the Square of the Revolution.

The monuments of wooden architecture should be especially highlighted. The development of a new project for the protection of the city of Vologda was fully completed in years under the leadership of the Department of Culture and Protection of Cultural Heritage of the region.The document aimed at maintaining the historical appearance of the city of Vologda, went through the procedure for coordination in the Federal Service for Supervision of Compliance with the Legislation in the field of cultural heritage of the Rososhranchulture - the federal executive body of Russia, which is under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Culture of Russia.

Vologda, regulations and regimes of land use within these boundaries. ”