Find the biography of Turgenev

Turgenev Ivan a successful and wealthy writer, Turgenev became a link between the literary circles of Russia and Western Europe. He discovered the wealth and depth of Russian literature to the Western reader. Childhood and youth were born the future writer on October 28 on November 9, in the family of a cavalry officer Sergei Nikolayevich Turgenev and Varvara Petrovna Lutovinova.

The early years of the writer can hardly be called happy and carefree, although the family lived in great prosperity. Ivan's parents, who made a marriage by calculation, did not like each other. Mother, despite the natural mind, was a despotic woman, powerful and cruel. She beat the children, and her favorite to Ivan also went. Turgenev’s childhood passed in the maternal estate Spasskoye-Lutovinovo.

The house was spoke exclusively in French, children were brought up by foreign tutors, who taught little Ivan to read and write. The Turgenevs traveled a lot of the future writer for the first time visited Europe when he was only 4 years old. However, Russian culture in the family was no less appreciated than the legacy of the West. Being a woman well -read and erudite, Varvara Petrovna did not spare money for teachers and books, talked with many famous writers of that time, including V.

Zhukovsky, did not miss book news. Education in the year, when Ivan was 9 years old, the Turgenev family moved to Moscow to give children a worthy education. The future writer studied in private institutions for children from wealthy noble families - first in the home board of I. Weidengammer, then in the boarding house I. Kraus, the director of the Lazarevsky Institute of Oriental Languages.

Turgenev brilliantly knew foreign languages ​​from childhood: this is what allowed him to subsequently become a translator and “guide” of Russian books abroad. In the year, Turgenev’s father could not withstand the unfortunate marriage and left his family, and died four years later. These events imposed a serious imprint on Turgenev’s youth, although Ivan was not close to his father.

In the year, summer Ivan Turgenev entered the verbal department of Moscow University, but a year later the young man had to leave his walls: the family moved to St. Petersburg. Ivan continued his studies at the Faculty of Philosophy of St. Petersburg University, which he graduated in the year with the degree of actual student in those years in Russia adopted a four -speed system of scientific degrees.

Turgenev was seriously conceived about a scientific career. In the year, he received the degree of a university candidate that existed in Russia from the GG. In the year, summer Ivan went abroad. In Berlin, he listened to lectures of philosophers and philologists, studied ancient languages ​​and ancient literature, and he got acquainted with Hegel's philosophy.

The atmosphere of the Western European University, the spirit of German idealism, the very life in the West found a huge response in Turgenev’s heart. The seeds of "Westernity" fell on prepared ground - Ivan Sergeyevich from childhood was immersed in the atmosphere of European culture. Turgenev was imbued with the European ideas of humanism and progress, the greatest value of the human spirit, and carried these youthful beliefs through his life.

In the year, Ivan Turgenev came to his homeland for a while, where a misfortune happened in his family: he burned the old house in Spassky-Lutovinov. However, Turgenev did not linger for a long time in Russia: he again met a year in Europe, traveling through Germany, Austria and Italy. Turgenev returned to his homeland only in the year. An attempt to obtain a master's degree of philosophy was unsuccessful: in the year, in Moscow University there was not a single full -time professor of philosophy, and Turgenev simply had no one to take the exam.

Then Ivan Sergeyevich left for Petersburg, received a master's degree in Greek and Latin philology, and even wrote a dissertation that he did not defend. By this time, the desire to engage in science gradually came to nothing: he was more and more attracted by the literary field. Turgenev took the first steps in literature, being still a student in literature. Initially, he intended to devote himself to poetry and wrote the poem “Wall” in the year.

Ivan decided to show his work to Professor P. Pletnev, known in those years, the master of verbal art, editor, poet of the Pushkin circle. The famous critic strictly dismantled the student opus, but restrainedly praised the young author, and later even published a couple of his poems in the magazine “Contemporary” - “Evening” and “To Venus of the Medican”.

In –e gg. Turgenev began to grow in literary ties. He met V. Zhukovsky, A. Koltsov, A. Fet, met with A. Pushkin and M. In the year, Turgenev’s poem “Parasha” was released, which earned a high appreciation of critics, including V. Since that time, the writer's strong friendship and criticism originated. In the same year, summer Ivan Sergeyevich wrote the poem “On the Road”, also known on the first line as “Morning Foggy, Sedoy's morning ...” - shifted to music, it became a famous Russian romance.

The memories of the former love, the mood of separation and extinction were supported in it with the sad paintings of winter nature. From the second half of the x.Turgenev turned to prose and drama more and more. He worked on the stories of the Bretter and Three Portraits, and from the year he became the constant author of the magazine “Contemporary”, which then moved into the hands of I.

Panaev and N. on the pages of this magazine appeared the first stories of the “Notes of the Hunter” cycle, which made their author the famous. The cycle was printed for almost four years, and in a year was published by a separate book. The stories were based on the author’s impressions of life in Spassky-Lutinov, observations of the life and consciousness of the common people.

Behind the poetry of landscape descriptions, metaphoricality and live voices of Turgenev’s characters, both the socio-political and humanistic ideals of the author, his sincere hatred of serfs, stood up. It is no accident that after the release of the “Notes of the Hunter” by a separate book the Censor, which missed it into the seal, was dismissed: new meanings grew out of the aggregate of texts, inconspicuous in the journal publications of individual stories and essays.

In the year, Turgenev again left for Europe - this time with his friend Belinsky. A huge impression on the writer was made by the revolutionary events of the year in France, whose witness he became, living in Paris. The fear experienced forever made Turgenev by the enemy of bloodshed, violence and riots. In - gg. Turgenev worked on such dramatic works as “where it is subtle, and there is a break”, “Funny”, “Breakfast at the leader”, “Bachelor”, “Month in the village”, “Provincial”.

Some plays were successful with readers and spectators, although critics considered his works “unusual”, protracted, devoid of liveliness. However, Turgenev-Dramaturg was a great success abroad, and his plays were included in the repertoire of French, German and Austrian theaters. In the beginning of the x. Turgenev either lived abroad, then returned to Russia.

Some of his works of that time, including the obituary, N. Gogol, not missed by censorship, the anti -consumer sentiments of the “notes of the hunter”, friendship with V. Belinsky and A. Herzen could not but attract the attention of the authorities. In the year, Turgenev was forbidden to live in the capitals, and he again went to the family estate of Spasskoye-Lutovinovo-this time into exile.

The writer received permission to visit Moscow and St. Petersburg only two years later, and the most important works of these years written by him saw the light only after the death of Emperor Nicholas I: the romance “Rudin” was released in the year, and three years later-the novel “Noble Nest”. In the year, the novel “On the eve” was released in the journal “Russian Bulletin” of M.

Katkov, and in the year the most famous novel by the writer “Fathers and Children” saw the light in the year. The book made a splash in Russian literary society. In the country where serfdom had just been canceled, and new great reforms loomed ahead, the image of Bazarov became the embodiment of the worldview of most young intellectuals. The cruel gap between the ideals of various generations, the deep inner drama of each hero found a deep response in the hearts of readers and critics.

The years of reforms marked a break with his former friends for Turgenev - A. Herzen, N. Nekrasov, N. Dobrolyubov, M. The writer did not share their revolutionary sentiments, and their aesthetic attitudes were alien to him. Art, according to Turgenev, should not completely and completely obey the ideology, become a handle of propaganda. Turgenev quarreled with L.

Tolstoy, and with A. By the end of the x. Katkov, who was on the other side of the political barricades-on the side of the conservative-preservation. For the novel “Smoke”, who published in the year, in which Turgenev critically and even satirically portrayed representatives of all social movements, the author, in his own words, “scolded everything - red, white, and from above, and from the side - especially from the side.” In the year, I.

Turgenev finally crossed abroad and settled in Baden-Baden. In Europe, he assumed the role of a kind of “translator” - both in a broad cultural sense and in a highly specialized one. Ivan Sergeyevich introduced European society to the works of Russian literature, and the Russian reader with foreign authors.

Turgenev translated a lot himself, edited and commented on other people's translations. In Europe, Turgenev quickly became literary ties. Since the year, writers gathered once a month for “lunch of chopped authors” to talk about literature, art, language.